9. Hypothesis-testing: & 10. Generalizations and interpretation:


9. Hypothesis-testing:

                         After analyzing the data as stated above, the researcher is in a position to test the hypotheses, if any, he had formulated earlier.
                         Do the facts support the hypotheses or they happen to be contrary? This is the usual question which should be answered while testing hypotheses.
                         Various tests, such as Chi square test, t-test, F-test, have been developed by statisticians for the purpose. The hypotheses may be tested through the use of one or more of such tests, depending upon the nature and object of research inquiry.
                         Hypothesis-testing will result in either accepting the hypothesis or in rejecting it. If the researcher had no hypotheses to start with, generalizations established on the basis of data may be stated as hypotheses to be tested by subsequent researches in times to come.

10. Generalizations and interpretation:

                         If a hypothesis is tested and upheld several times, it may be possible for the researcher to arrive at generalization, i.e., to build a theory. As a matter of fact, the real value of research lies in its ability to arrive at certain generalizations.
 If the researcher had no hypothesis to start with, he might seek to explain his findings on the basis of some theory. It is known as interpretation. The process of interpretation may quite often trigger off new questions which in turn may lead to further researches.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

PLANT LAYOUT FOR CAPSULE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT & MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Image
PLANT LAYOUT  FOR CAPSULE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT: ENVIRONMENT CONDITION FOR CAPSULE FILLING AREA Humidity:          Not more than 35% RH Temperature:    Not more than 25% Area of each room, position of equipments, washing, drying, and sanitary facilities must be in accordance with GMP. MANUFACTURING PROCESS: CHEMCAPS Limited is an India based young and dynamic organization engaged in the manufacture and export of 'empty hard gelatin capsules' under the brand name of 'Chemlock' for discerning customers around the globe. COMPOSITION                                     Gelatin                                     Water                                     Colorants                                     Opecifier (TiO2 Dyes and Other)                                     Preservative MANUFACTURING OF HGC SHELL: SFR-901 FULLY AUTOMATIC CAPSULE MACHINE: FEATURES OF SFR-901 Ø   The Safrroys SFR-901 mod
Keep reading

ANTIOXIDANTS: In Pharmaceutical Formulation

Image
Introduction: Chemically they are reducing agents. They oxidize themselves and prevent oxidation of API. A substance that inhibits oxidation is called antioxidants. The effectiveness of antioxidant can depend on the concentration used and pH of solution. Examples:  Ascorbic acid,  butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA),  butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) Oxidation is a chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions. When the chain reaction occurs in a cell, it can cause damage or death to the cell. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. The following are some of the qualities of an ideal anti-oxidant: It should be readily soluble or dispersible in the medium. It should be effective in low concentration. It should be non-toxic. It should be non-irrita
Keep reading

3. Development of working hypothesis:

Image
After extensive literature survey, researcher should state in clear terms the working hypothesis or hypotheses. Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences. As such the manner in which research hypotheses are developed is particularly important since they provide the focal point for research. They also affect the manner in which tests must be conducted in the analysis of data and indirectly the quality of data which is required for the analysis. In most types of research, the development of working hypothesis plays an important role. Hypothesis should be very specific and limited to the piece of research in hand because it has to be tested. The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track. It sharpens his thinking and focuses attention on the more important facets of the problem. It also indicates the type of data required
Keep reading

Facebook Page

Knowledge of Pharma