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Imperial and Metric system for weight and measurements

Weight and Measures: ·          Mainly two system available o    Metric System (Decimal system) o    Imperial System (English system) §   Avoirdupois system §   Apothecaries system Metric System: ·          Modern and most scientific ·          Based on decimal point, (0) ·          Mass (Weigth): kg, gm, mg, mcg, Nanogram etc. ·          Liquid measurement: L, dl, cl, ml, mcl etc Imperial System: Avoirdupois: ·          Widely adopted in UK ·          Official in BP ·          Used for buy wholesale drug Apothecaries: ·          Generally used by physician and dispensing chemist Avoirduposis Apothecaries Unit in increasing order for Weight For Weights (Mass) 1 LB = 7000 grains 1 LB = 5760 grains Grain 1 LB = 16 oz 1 LB = 12 oz Scruple 1 oz = 437.5 grains 1 oz = 480 grains Dra
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ANTIOXIDANTS: In Pharmaceutical Formulation

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Introduction: Chemically they are reducing agents. They oxidize themselves and prevent oxidation of API. A substance that inhibits oxidation is called antioxidants. The effectiveness of antioxidant can depend on the concentration used and pH of solution. Examples:  Ascorbic acid,  butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA),  butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) Oxidation is a chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions. When the chain reaction occurs in a cell, it can cause damage or death to the cell. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. The following are some of the qualities of an ideal anti-oxidant: It should be readily soluble or dispersible in the medium. It should be effective in low concentration. It should be non-toxic. It should be non-irrita
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3. Development of working hypothesis:

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After extensive literature survey, researcher should state in clear terms the working hypothesis or hypotheses. Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences. As such the manner in which research hypotheses are developed is particularly important since they provide the focal point for research. They also affect the manner in which tests must be conducted in the analysis of data and indirectly the quality of data which is required for the analysis. In most types of research, the development of working hypothesis plays an important role. Hypothesis should be very specific and limited to the piece of research in hand because it has to be tested. The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track. It sharpens his thinking and focuses attention on the more important facets of the problem. It also indicates the type of data required
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