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Imperial and Metric system for weight and measurements

Weight and Measures: ·          Mainly two system available o    Metric System (Decimal system) o    Imperial System (English system) §   Avoirdupois system §   Apothecaries system Metric System: ·          Modern and most scientific ·          Based on decimal point, (0) ·          Mass (Weigth): kg, gm, mg, mcg, Nanogram etc. ·          Liquid measurement: L, dl, cl, ml, mcl etc Imperial System: Avoirdupois: ·          Widely adopted in UK ·          Official in BP ·          Used for buy wholesale drug Apothecaries: ·          Generally used by physician and dispensing chemist Avoirduposis Apothecaries Unit in increasing order for Weight For Weights (Mass) 1 LB = 7000 grains 1 LB = 5760 grains Grain 1 LB = 16 oz 1 LB = 12 oz Scruple 1 oz = 437.5 grains 1 oz = 480 grains Dra
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General Excipients used in Monophasic liquid preparation

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Excipients used in Monophasic Pharmaceutical liquid preparation as below 1.       Vehicle: ·          Purified water ·          Aromatic water: chloroform, peppermint, cinnamon, dill water ·          Syrups ·          Glycerin (glycerites) ·          Elixirs (hydro alcoholic) 2.       Solvents used in internal solution: Solvent Properties Remarks/Use Aqueous liquids Water Cheap, Good solvent action, High dielectric constant, Miscible, Non-Inflammable, Inert Sugar, gum, organic acid, tannins, glycosides, alkaloid salt are soluble easily, Cellulose, starch resin, fixed oil, volatile oils are insoluble Purified water (Distilled water) Prepared by distillation or ion exchange method Used for other than parenteral product Water for Injection (WFI) Sterile, Pyrogen free distilled water For parenteral use Steril
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PLANT LAYOUT FOR CAPSULE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT & MANUFACTURING PROCESS

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PLANT LAYOUT  FOR CAPSULE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT: ENVIRONMENT CONDITION FOR CAPSULE FILLING AREA Humidity:          Not more than 35% RH Temperature:    Not more than 25% Area of each room, position of equipments, washing, drying, and sanitary facilities must be in accordance with GMP. MANUFACTURING PROCESS: CHEMCAPS Limited is an India based young and dynamic organization engaged in the manufacture and export of 'empty hard gelatin capsules' under the brand name of 'Chemlock' for discerning customers around the globe. COMPOSITION                                     Gelatin                                     Water                                     Colorants                                     Opecifier (TiO2 Dyes and Other)                                     Preservative MANUFACTURING OF HGC SHELL: SFR-901 FULLY AUTOMATIC CAPSULE MACHINE: FEATURES OF SFR-901 Ø   The Safrroys SFR-901 mod
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ANTIOXIDANTS: In Pharmaceutical Formulation

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Introduction: Chemically they are reducing agents. They oxidize themselves and prevent oxidation of API. A substance that inhibits oxidation is called antioxidants. The effectiveness of antioxidant can depend on the concentration used and pH of solution. Examples:  Ascorbic acid,  butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA),  butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) Oxidation is a chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions. When the chain reaction occurs in a cell, it can cause damage or death to the cell. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. The following are some of the qualities of an ideal anti-oxidant: It should be readily soluble or dispersible in the medium. It should be effective in low concentration. It should be non-toxic. It should be non-irrita
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3. Development of working hypothesis:

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After extensive literature survey, researcher should state in clear terms the working hypothesis or hypotheses. Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences. As such the manner in which research hypotheses are developed is particularly important since they provide the focal point for research. They also affect the manner in which tests must be conducted in the analysis of data and indirectly the quality of data which is required for the analysis. In most types of research, the development of working hypothesis plays an important role. Hypothesis should be very specific and limited to the piece of research in hand because it has to be tested. The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track. It sharpens his thinking and focuses attention on the more important facets of the problem. It also indicates the type of data required
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