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General Material used for Nano Formulations

1 Materials    P olymer Methods of  NPs preparation Polymers Monomers polymerization Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) Poly(alkyl methacrylate) Poly(styrene) Poly(vinylpyridine) Nanoprecipitation Poly( ε- caprolactone) Poly(lactic acid) Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Poly(methacrylate) Solvent evaporation Poly(ε-caprolactone) Poly(lactic acid) Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) Ethyl cellulose Salting out Cellulose acetate phthalate Poly(alkyl methacrylate) Ethyl cellulose Poly(lactic acid) Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Desolvation,   denaturation,   ionic gelation Albumin Casein Gelatin Alginate Chitosan Ethyl cellulose Stabilizers Generally surfactants are used as stabilizers to reduce high su
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Nano-Technology: An Overview

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HISTORY Prof. Paul Ehrlich gave the concept of “magic bullet” for drug targeting. Prof. Peter Paul Speiser and his co-workers developed first nanoparticles for drug delivery purpose and for vaccines in the late 1960s. NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnology is the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale.(The Royal Society Report, July 2004) It is a multi-disciplinary subject involving the use of physics, chemistry, biology and engineering. There are two fundamentally different approaches to nanotechnology: “Top-down” is the production of nanoscale structures by taking a bulk material and forming it into a desired structure. “Bottom-up” refers to building organic and inorganic structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule. NANOPARTICLES Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles consisting of macromolecular substances that vary in size f
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PREPARATION OF HOSPITAL FORMULARY

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PREPARATION OF FORMULARY ·          Formulation is an essential part of hospital pharmacy. ·          It has been a focal point for improving drug therapy in hospitals. ·          Effectiveness of formulary system depends on the abilities of the pharmacist involved with it. ·          Although the majority of formulary decisions are made by Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee but well planned system provides both structure and flexibility and encompasses both selection of drugs and criteria for drug use. ·          These special features allow for standardization to reduce errors, wastage and required personnel time. Advantage: ·          To discourage the use of “less than optimal drug therapy”, and ·          To provide generic product list. o    Generic product selection policies stimulate bio-equivalency comparison which prevents the unnecessary stocking of less than optimal products. ·          Formularies must include cost to provide relative cost data
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PLANT LAYOUT FOR CAPSULE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT & MANUFACTURING PROCESS

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PLANT LAYOUT  FOR CAPSULE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT: ENVIRONMENT CONDITION FOR CAPSULE FILLING AREA Humidity:          Not more than 35% RH Temperature:    Not more than 25% Area of each room, position of equipments, washing, drying, and sanitary facilities must be in accordance with GMP. MANUFACTURING PROCESS: CHEMCAPS Limited is an India based young and dynamic organization engaged in the manufacture and export of 'empty hard gelatin capsules' under the brand name of 'Chemlock' for discerning customers around the globe. COMPOSITION                                     Gelatin                                     Water                                     Colorants                                     Opecifier (TiO2 Dyes and Other)                                     Preservative MANUFACTURING OF HGC SHELL: SFR-901 FULLY AUTOMATIC CAPSULE MACHINE: FEATURES OF SFR-901 Ø   The Safrroys SFR-901 mod
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ANTIOXIDANTS: In Pharmaceutical Formulation

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Introduction: Chemically they are reducing agents. They oxidize themselves and prevent oxidation of API. A substance that inhibits oxidation is called antioxidants. The effectiveness of antioxidant can depend on the concentration used and pH of solution. Examples:  Ascorbic acid,  butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA),  butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) Oxidation is a chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions. When the chain reaction occurs in a cell, it can cause damage or death to the cell. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. The following are some of the qualities of an ideal anti-oxidant: It should be readily soluble or dispersible in the medium. It should be effective in low concentration. It should be non-toxic. It should be non-irrita
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3. Development of working hypothesis:

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After extensive literature survey, researcher should state in clear terms the working hypothesis or hypotheses. Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences. As such the manner in which research hypotheses are developed is particularly important since they provide the focal point for research. They also affect the manner in which tests must be conducted in the analysis of data and indirectly the quality of data which is required for the analysis. In most types of research, the development of working hypothesis plays an important role. Hypothesis should be very specific and limited to the piece of research in hand because it has to be tested. The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track. It sharpens his thinking and focuses attention on the more important facets of the problem. It also indicates the type of data required
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