Nano-Technology: An Overview

HISTORY
  • Prof. Paul Ehrlich gave the concept of “magic bullet” for drug targeting.
  • Prof. Peter Paul Speiser and his co-workers developed first nanoparticles for drug delivery purpose and for vaccines in the late 1960s.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • Nanotechnology is the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale.(The Royal Society Report, July 2004)
  • It is a multi-disciplinary subject involving the use of physics, chemistry, biology and engineering.
  • There are two fundamentally different approaches to nanotechnology:
  • “Top-down” is the production of nanoscale structures by taking a bulk material and forming it into a desired structure.
  • “Bottom-up” refers to building organic and inorganic structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule.
NANOPARTICLES
  • Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles consisting of macromolecular substances that vary in size from 10nm to 1,000nm.
  • The drug of interest is dissolved, entrapped, adsorbed attached or encapsulated into the nanoparticle matrix.
  • Depending upon the method of preparation, nanoparticles, nanospheres or nanocapsules can be obtained with different properties and release characteristics for the encapsulated therapeutic agent.




TYPES OF NANOPARTICULATE SYSTEMS

Sr. No.
Types of Nanoparticles
Material Used
Applications
1.
Polymeric nanoparticles
Biodegradable polymers
Controlled and targeted drug delivery
2.
Solid lipid nanoparticles
Melted lipid dispersed in an aqueous surfactant
Least toxic and more stable colloidal carrier systems as alternative to polymers
3.
Nanocrystals & nanosuspensions
Drug powder is dispersed in a surfactant solution
Stable systems for controlled delivery of poorly water soluble drugs
4.
Polymeric micelles
Amphiphilic block copolymers
Systemic and controlled delivery of water insoluble drugs
5.
Liposomes
Phospholipid vesicles
Controlled and targeted drug delivery
6.
Dendrimers
Tree like molecules with defined cavities
Drug targeting
7.
Magnetic NPs
An inorganic core of iron oxide (magnetite) coated with polymer such as dextran
Drug targeting, Diagnostic tool in biology and medicine
8.
Gold nanoshells
Dielectric (typically gold sulfide or silica) core and a metal (gold) shell
Tumor targeting
9.
Nanowires or Carbon nanotubes
Metals, semiconductors or carbon
Gene and DNA delivery
10.
Ferrofluids
Iron oxide magnetic NPs surrounded by a polymeric layer
For capturing cells and other biological targets from blood or other fluids and tissue samples

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