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Dielectric Constant

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Dielectric Constant: ·          It is the ratio of energy requires for separating two charges in solvent and vacuum respectively. ·          Substance has capacity to produce dipole in another molecule, dielectric constant is a measure of this capacity. ·          It is affected by both the attractive forces that exist between atoms and also molecules. What is dielectric constant? ·          Kept two charges (Na + & CL - ) with solvent (H 2 O) ·          Let us take X amount of energy that required to separate the charges (Na + & CL - ) in given solvent (H 2 O). ·          Now provide vacuum between them (Na + & CL - ) instead of solvent (H 2 O) medium. ·          In this Y amount of energy that required to separate charges. ·          So, as per definition; ·          ·          Here Y is consider as 1 because it is not change for ion ·          Then example of water taken, o    Water have di
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Wettability: By Contact Angle

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Wettability of Powder: ·          Wettability is the tendency of one liquid / fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid surface in the presence of other immiscible fluids / liquid. ·          Wettability refers to interaction between fluid and solid phases. ·          It may affect granulation of solid, penetration of dissolution fluid into tablet and granules & adhesion of coating material to tablet. Method of determination: ·          By contact angle: o    It is the angle between a liquid droplets and the surface over which it spreads o    OR// o    Angle between a solid particle and liquid medium over which it is placed. o    Contact angle - 0 0 – complete wetting o    Contact angle - 180 0 – not wetting o    Contact angle – 90 0 – partial wetting Contact angle Degree of wetting Strength of: Solid/liquid interactions Liquid/liquid interactions θ = 0
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Effect of Organoleptic Properties on preformulation

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1.       Organoleptic Properties: ·          Properties which are evaluated after an impression on the organs of sense . ·          Like, colour, odour, flavour, taste, size, shape, touch, texture etc. ·          A typical preformulation program should beginwith the description of the drug substance. Table 1: Terminology to describe organolepticproperties of pharmaceutical powders. Colour Odour Taste Off-white Pungent Acidic Creamyellow Sulfurous Bitter Tan Fruity Bland Shiny Aromatic Intense Odouerless Sweet Tasteless ·          Color: o    Color is generally a function of drug’s chemical structure o    Color intensity relates to extend of conjugated unsaturation as well as the presence of chromophores. ·          Odour: o    Inherent odour due to
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Effect of Micromeritics Property on Preformulation: Particle Size, Particle Shape & Density

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1.       Particle Size: ·          Characterized using these term: o    Very coarse (#8) o    Coarse (#20) o    Moderately coarse (#40) o    Fine (#60) o    Very fine (#80) ·          Size of the particles may be expressed as follows: o    Surface diameter, ds o    Volume diameter, dv o    Projected diameter, dp o    Stokes diameter, dst o    Sieve diameter, dsieve o    Volume – surface diameter, dvs – same volume to surface area ratio Table 1.1: Common Techniques for Measuring Fine Particles of Various Sizes Technique Particle size (micro meters) Microscopic 1-100 Sieve >50 Sedimentation >1 Elutriation   1-50 Centrifugal <50 Light scattering 0.5 - 50 Methods to determine particle size: ·          Sieving: o    Simple & inexpensive o    Dry powder require ·          Microscopy:
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PLANT LAYOUT FOR CAPSULE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT & MANUFACTURING PROCESS

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PLANT LAYOUT  FOR CAPSULE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT: ENVIRONMENT CONDITION FOR CAPSULE FILLING AREA Humidity:          Not more than 35% RH Temperature:    Not more than 25% Area of each room, position of equipments, washing, drying, and sanitary facilities must be in accordance with GMP. MANUFACTURING PROCESS: CHEMCAPS Limited is an India based young and dynamic organization engaged in the manufacture and export of 'empty hard gelatin capsules' under the brand name of 'Chemlock' for discerning customers around the globe. COMPOSITION                                     Gelatin                                     Water                                     Colorants                                     Opecifier (TiO2 Dyes and Other)                                     Preservative MANUFACTURING OF HGC SHELL: SFR-901 FULLY AUTOMATIC CAPSULE MACHINE: FEATURES OF SFR-901 Ø   The Safrroys SFR-901 mod
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ANTIOXIDANTS: In Pharmaceutical Formulation

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Introduction: Chemically they are reducing agents. They oxidize themselves and prevent oxidation of API. A substance that inhibits oxidation is called antioxidants. The effectiveness of antioxidant can depend on the concentration used and pH of solution. Examples:  Ascorbic acid,  butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA),  butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) Oxidation is a chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions. When the chain reaction occurs in a cell, it can cause damage or death to the cell. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. The following are some of the qualities of an ideal anti-oxidant: It should be readily soluble or dispersible in the medium. It should be effective in low concentration. It should be non-toxic. It should be non-irrita
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3. Development of working hypothesis:

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After extensive literature survey, researcher should state in clear terms the working hypothesis or hypotheses. Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences. As such the manner in which research hypotheses are developed is particularly important since they provide the focal point for research. They also affect the manner in which tests must be conducted in the analysis of data and indirectly the quality of data which is required for the analysis. In most types of research, the development of working hypothesis plays an important role. Hypothesis should be very specific and limited to the piece of research in hand because it has to be tested. The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track. It sharpens his thinking and focuses attention on the more important facets of the problem. It also indicates the type of data required
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