Classification of vaccines: Mucosal and Transdermal delivery of vaccines.

 Introduction:

Vaccines are biological products that stimulate an immune response in the body to protect against infectious diseases. They are classified based on their composition, route of administration, and mode of action. In this article, we will discuss the different types of vaccines and their classification, as well as the mucosal and transdermal delivery of vaccines.

Classification of vaccines:

  1. Inactivated or killed vaccines: These vaccines contain whole pathogens that have been inactivated or killed. Examples include the inactivated polio vaccine and the hepatitis A vaccine.

  2. Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain live, weakened pathogens that are less virulent than the natural form. Examples include the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and the yellow fever vaccine.

  3. Subunit, recombinant, or conjugate vaccines: These vaccines contain specific components of the pathogen, such as proteins or polysaccharides. Examples include the human papillomavirus vaccine and the Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine.

  4. mRNA vaccines: These vaccines contain messenger RNA that instructs the body to produce a specific protein from the pathogen, which then stimulates an immune response. Examples include the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines.



Mucosal delivery of vaccines:

Mucosal surfaces, such as those in the nose, mouth, and lungs, are the primary sites of entry for many pathogens. Mucosal vaccines can stimulate an immune response at these sites, which can provide better protection against infection. Mucosal vaccines can be delivered through the oral, nasal, or pulmonary routes.

  1. Oral delivery: Oral vaccines are convenient and can be administered without needles. However, they must survive the acidic environment of the stomach and the digestive enzymes in the intestines to be effective. Examples of oral vaccines include the rotavirus vaccine and the cholera vaccine.

  2. Nasal delivery: Nasal vaccines are administered as a spray or droplets and can stimulate an immune response in the nasal mucosa. Examples of nasal vaccines include the influenza vaccine and the intranasal COVID-19 vaccine.

  3. Pulmonary delivery: Pulmonary vaccines are delivered as an aerosol and can stimulate an immune response in the lungs. They have the potential to provide protection against respiratory infections, such as tuberculosis and influenza. However, pulmonary vaccines can also cause respiratory side effects, such as coughing and bronchospasm.

Transdermal delivery of vaccines:

Transdermal delivery of vaccines involves administering the vaccine through the skin using a patch or other device. This route of administration has the potential to be less invasive than injections and can provide sustained release of the vaccine over time. However, the skin is a relatively immunologically inactive site, which can make it difficult to stimulate an immune response.

  1. Microneedle patches: Microneedle patches are small, painless needles that penetrate the skin and deliver the vaccine. They can provide sustained release of the vaccine over time and do not require refrigeration, making them a promising option for global vaccination efforts. Examples include the influenza vaccine and the COVID-19 vaccine.

  2. Electroporation: Electroporation involves using an electric current to temporarily disrupt the skin barrier and enhance the delivery of the vaccine. It has been used to enhance the delivery of DNA vaccines, such as the COVID-19 vaccine.

Conclusion:

Vaccines are an essential component of public health, providing protection against infectious diseases. They can be classified based on their composition, route of administration, and mode of action. Mucosal vaccines can stimulate an immune response at the sites of entry for many pathogens, while transdermal delivery of vaccines can provide sustained release over time. Advances in vaccine technology, such as mRNA vaccines and microneedle patches, are improving vaccine efficacy

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

PLANT LAYOUT FOR CAPSULE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT & MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Image
PLANT LAYOUT  FOR CAPSULE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT: ENVIRONMENT CONDITION FOR CAPSULE FILLING AREA Humidity:          Not more than 35% RH Temperature:    Not more than 25% Area of each room, position of equipments, washing, drying, and sanitary facilities must be in accordance with GMP. MANUFACTURING PROCESS: CHEMCAPS Limited is an India based young and dynamic organization engaged in the manufacture and export of 'empty hard gelatin capsules' under the brand name of 'Chemlock' for discerning customers around the globe. COMPOSITION                                     Gelatin                                     Water                                     Colorants                                     Opecifier (TiO2 Dyes and Other)                                     Preservative MANUFACTURING OF HGC SHELL: SFR-901 FULLY AUTOMATIC CAPSULE MACHINE: FEATURES OF SFR-901 Ø   The Safrroys SFR-901 mod
Keep reading

ANTIOXIDANTS: In Pharmaceutical Formulation

Image
Introduction: Chemically they are reducing agents. They oxidize themselves and prevent oxidation of API. A substance that inhibits oxidation is called antioxidants. The effectiveness of antioxidant can depend on the concentration used and pH of solution. Examples:  Ascorbic acid,  butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA),  butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) Oxidation is a chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions. When the chain reaction occurs in a cell, it can cause damage or death to the cell. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. The following are some of the qualities of an ideal anti-oxidant: It should be readily soluble or dispersible in the medium. It should be effective in low concentration. It should be non-toxic. It should be non-irrita
Keep reading

3. Development of working hypothesis:

Image
After extensive literature survey, researcher should state in clear terms the working hypothesis or hypotheses. Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences. As such the manner in which research hypotheses are developed is particularly important since they provide the focal point for research. They also affect the manner in which tests must be conducted in the analysis of data and indirectly the quality of data which is required for the analysis. In most types of research, the development of working hypothesis plays an important role. Hypothesis should be very specific and limited to the piece of research in hand because it has to be tested. The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track. It sharpens his thinking and focuses attention on the more important facets of the problem. It also indicates the type of data required
Keep reading

Facebook Page

Knowledge of Pharma