Knowledge of Pharma

Traditionally, the author of an article is required to transfer the copyright to the journal publisher. Publisher claimed this was necessary in order to protect author’s rights and to coordinate permission for reprints or other use. However many publisher now give permission to edit, print and distribute the article commercially, but the author retain the other rights themselves. Even if they retain the copyright to an article they allow their authors certain rights which include the ability to reuse parts of the paper in the author’s work and allow him to distribute a limited number of copies. In the print format such copies are called as reprints. In the electronic format it is called as post prints. And many online accessible journal do not take charges for the re-print of the journals.                          Rights for reprinting is generally holded by publi...

Patent can be defined as exclusive rights granted by a state to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention. The term patent usually refers to a right granted to everyone who invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof. The additional qualification utility patent is used in the United States to distinguish it from other types of patents but should not be confused with the utility models granted by other countries. Why patent search?                          The largest and the most comprehensive source.                          Commercially legal and technical information. ...

( Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online)  is a bibliographic database of life science and biomedical information which includes bibliographic information for articles from acadaemic journals like medical, pharmacy, dentistry, veterinary, nursing and healthcare. And also from biology and biochemistry. It is compiled the United States National of Medicine(NLM), MIDLINE is freely available on the pubMED and Entrez system This database contains more than 18 million records from approximately 5000mselected publication covering biomedicine and health from 1950 to the present. The datatbase is freely accessible on the internet via the Pubmed and another citation. Use the midlines is a learned skill, untrained users are sometimes frustrated with the large numbers of the articles returned by simple searches. Related link, MeSH terms, publication date, publication time all option make the usage easy. ONLINE ACCESS  PubMed is the free database access...

                         Periodical indexes and abstracts are systemic guides that list citation to and sometimes give summaries of magazines and journal articles. Indexes and abstracts organize articles in journals, magazines and newspaper by subject and may be in print or computer based formats or both.                          The library subscribes hundreds of the indexes and abstracts for finding journal and general interest magazine articles.                          Print or write out full citation for articles which are permanent. A complete citation include the name of the journal, volume, issue number, date and page number...

  The most useful list of the book is present in the English language is the Cumulative Book Index and Book Review Index, Book Review Digest. National Union Catalogue is also useful for this purpose. There are a number of publication that locate specific references that cover particular area of knowledge. Search the catalog to find books                         1. ZipLINK provides online access to the University of Akron Libraries Collection. OhioLINK provides access to other university and college library catalogs throughout the state of Ohio. Use ZipLINK and OhioLINK to find books within the University of Akron and beyond.                         2. To use the catalog effectively, use the Library of Congress Subject Headings to determine autho...

The educational research studies can be classified in to two categories: library research and field research. Philosophical and historical research is known as library research in which it is called as method or research. The survey and experimental research are the field research in which it is called as technique research. In both the type library is used extensively. Following facilities should be available in the good libraries:                          Typing facilities at very nominal charges.                          They should make use of photo state facilities for maps, charts, diagrams, or table. It should be available at minimum charges.                ...

1).USE OF LIBRARY : 2).USE OF BOOKS 3).USE OF JOURNALS 4).USE OF MIDLINES 5).USE OF PATENT SEARCH 6).USE OF REPRINTS OF ARTICLES :-  

                         Overall idea about the problem we can get by the reading the text books. Books can provide theoretical aspects of the problem. It is very essential to develop deep understanding about the variables and the field.                          After developing the basic idea about the problem, the investigator should review the empirical researches of the area. The best reference for this phase is the handbook of the research, encyclopedia of educational research.                          The research for library material must be systematic and thorough. When large number of the references is there, it should be t...

These are the objectives for the reviewing the literature:            It provides theories, ideas, explanation or hypothesis which may prove useful in the formulation of a new problem.                          It indicates whether the evidence already available solves the problem adequately without requiring further investigation. It avoids the replication.                          It provides the source for hypothesis                          It suggests method, procedure, source of the data and statistical techniques appropriate to the solution of the problem.   ...

* MEANING OF REVIEW LITERATURE:-   It consist of two words: Review and literature. The word literature has conveyed different meaning from the traditional meaning. It doesn’t means with reference to the languages, eg. Hindi literature, Gujarati literature, likewise. It includes subject content: prose, poetry, dramas, novels, stories, etc. In Research Methodology, “ the literature refers to the knowledge of a particular area of investigation of any discipline which includes theoretical, practical and its research studies.” The term review means to organize the knowledge of the specific area of research to evolve knowledge to show that his study would be an addition to this field. The task of the review of literature is highly creative and tedious because researcher has to synthesize the available knowledge of the field in the unique way. Term review literature has been explained by the following way:           ...

                         Finally, the researcher has to prepare the report of what has been done by him.                          Writing of report must be done with great care keeping in view the following: 1. The layout of the report should be as follows: ( i ) the preliminary pages; ( ii ) the main text, and ( iii ) the end matter. In its preliminary pages the report should carry title and date followed by acknowledgements and foreword. Then there should be a table of contents followed by a list of tables and list of graphs and charts, if any, given in the report. The main text of the report should have the following parts: (a) Introduction: It should contain a clear statement of the objective of the research and an explanation of the...

9. Hypothesis-testing:                          After analyzing the data as stated above, the researcher is in a position to test the hypotheses, if any, he had formulated earlier.                          Do the facts support the hypotheses or they happen to be contrary? This is the usual question which should be answered while testing hypotheses.                          Various tests, such as Chi square test, t -test, F -test, have been developed by statisticians for the purpose. The hypotheses may be tested through the use of one or more of such tests, depending upon the nature and object of research inquiry.   ...

                         After the data have been collected, the researcher turns to the task of analyzing them. The analysis of data requires a number of closely related operations such as establishment of categories, the application of these categories to raw data through coding, tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences.                          The unwieldy data should necessarily be condensed into a few manageable groups and tables for further analysis. Thus, researcher should classify the raw data into some purposeful and usable categories.                          Coding operation is usually done at this stage throug...

                         Execution of the project is a very important step in the research process. If the execution of the project proceeds on correct lines, the data to be collected would be adequate and dependable.                          The researcher should see that the project is executed in a systematic manner and in time. If the survey is to be conducted by means of structured questionnaires, data can be readily machine-processed.                          In such a situation, questions as well as the possible answers may be coded. If the data are to be collected through interviewers, arrangements should be made for proper se...

                         In dealing with any real life problem it is often found that data at hand are inadequate, and hence, it becomes necessary to collect data that are appropriate.                          There are several ways of collecting the appropriate data which differ considerably in context of money costs, time and other resources at the disposal of the researcher. Primary data can be collected either through experiment or through survey.                          If the researcher conducts an experiment, he observes some quantitative measurements, or the data, with the help of which he examines the truth contained...

                         All the items under consideration in any field of inquiry constitute a ‘universe’ or ‘population’. A complete enumeration of all the items in the ‘population’ is known as a census inquiry.                          It can be presumed that in such an inquiry when all the items are covered no element of chance is left and highest accuracy is obtained. But in practice this may not be true. Even the slightest element of bias in such an inquiry will get larger and larger as the number of observations increases.                          Moreover, there is no way of checking the element of bias or its extent e...