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Dielectric Constant

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Dielectric Constant: ·          It is the ratio of energy requires for separating two charges in solvent and vacuum respectively. ·          Substance has capacity to produce dipole in another molecule, dielectric constant is a measure of this capacity. ·          It is affected by both the attractive forces that exist between atoms and also molecules. What is dielectric constant? ·          Kept two charges (Na + & CL - ) with solvent (H 2 O) ·          Let us take X amount of energy that required to separate the charges (Na + & CL - ) in given solvent (H 2 O). ·          Now provide vacuum between them (Na + & CL - ) instead of solvent (H 2 O) medium. ·          In this Y amou...
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Wettability: By Contact Angle

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Wettability of Powder: ·          Wettability is the tendency of one liquid / fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid surface in the presence of other immiscible fluids / liquid. ·          Wettability refers to interaction between fluid and solid phases. ·          It may affect granulation of solid, penetration of dissolution fluid into tablet and granules & adhesion of coating material to tablet. Method of determination: ·          By contact angle: o    It is the angle between a liquid droplets and the surface over which it spreads o    OR// o    Angle between a solid particle and liquid medium over which it is placed. o    Contact angle - 0 0 – complete wetting o    Contact angle - 180 0 – not we...
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Effect of Organoleptic Properties on preformulation

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1.       Organoleptic Properties: ·          Properties which are evaluated after an impression on the organs of sense . ·          Like, colour, odour, flavour, taste, size, shape, touch, texture etc. ·          A typical preformulation program should beginwith the description of the drug substance. Table 1: Terminology to describe organolepticproperties of pharmaceutical powders. Colour Odour Taste Off-white Pungent Acidic Creamyellow Sulfurous Bitter Tan Fruity Bland Shiny Aromatic Intense Odouerless Sweet Tasteless ·          Color: o    Color is generally a fu...
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Effect of Micromeritics Property on Preformulation: Particle Size, Particle Shape & Density

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1.       Particle Size: ·          Characterized using these term: o    Very coarse (#8) o    Coarse (#20) o    Moderately coarse (#40) o    Fine (#60) o    Very fine (#80) ·          Size of the particles may be expressed as follows: o    Surface diameter, ds o    Volume diameter, dv o    Projected diameter, dp o    Stokes diameter, dst o    Sieve diameter, dsieve o    Volume – surface diameter, dvs – same volume to surface area ratio Table 1.1: Common Techniques for Measuring Fine Particles of Various Sizes Technique Particle size (micro meters) Microscopic 1-100 Sieve >50 Sedimentation >1 Elutriation   1-50 Cen...
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PLANT LAYOUT FOR CAPSULE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT & MANUFACTURING PROCESS

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PLANT LAYOUT  FOR CAPSULE MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT: ENVIRONMENT CONDITION FOR CAPSULE FILLING AREA Humidity:          Not more than 35% RH Temperature:    Not more than 25% Area of each room, position of equipments, washing, drying, and sanitary facilities must be in accordance with GMP. MANUFACTURING PROCESS: CHEMCAPS Limited is an India based young and dynamic organization engaged in the manufacture and export of 'empty hard gelatin capsules' under the brand name of 'Chemlock' for discerning customers around the globe. COMPOSITION                                     Gelatin                                     Water                       ...
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2. Extensive literature survey:

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Once the problem is formulated, a brief summary of it should be written down. It is compulsory for a research worker writing a thesis for a Ph.D. degree to write a synopsis of the topic and submit it to the necessary Committee or the Research Board for approval.   At this juncture the researcher should undertake extensive literature survey connected with the problem. For this purpose, the abstracting and indexing journals and published or unpublished bibliographies are the first place to go to. Academic journals, conference proceedings, government reports, books etc., must be tapped depending on the nature of the problem. In this process, it should be remembered that one source will lead to another. The earlier studies, if any, which are similar to the study in hand, should be carefully studied. A good library will be a great help to the researcher at this stage.
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PREPARATION OF HOSPITAL FORMULARY

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PREPARATION OF FORMULARY ·          Formulation is an essential part of hospital pharmacy. ·          It has been a focal point for improving drug therapy in hospitals. ·          Effectiveness of formulary system depends on the abilities of the pharmacist involved with it. ·          Although the majority of formulary decisions are made by Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee but well planned system provides both structure and flexibility and encompasses both selection of drugs and criteria for drug use. ·          These special features allow for standardization to reduce errors, wastage and required personnel time. Advantage: ·          To discourage the use of “less than optimal drug therapy”, and ·     ...
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