FORMULATION OF DENTIFRICES

Commonly used ingredients in formulation are
  • ·         Abrasive and polishing materials
  • ·         Detergents and foaming materials
  • ·         Humectants
  • ·         Binding agents
  • ·         Sweetening materials
  • ·         Flavors
  • ·         Preservatives
  • ·         Miscellaneous

Abrasive and polishing materials
These materials are also called as cleansing materials.
Abrasives are responsible for removing food particles lodged in the teeth, removes stains from teeth & to polish enamel.
  • ·         Calcium carbonate
  • ·         Tricalcium phosphate
  • ·         Dicalcium phosphate
  • ·         Aluminum phosphate
  • ·         Magnesium trisilicate
  • ·         Hydrated alumina (Al2O3.3H2O)
  • ·         Calcium phosphate

Detergents and foaming materials
Detergent and foaming material in toothpastes are used for their cleansing action.
These materials lower the surface tension, thereby promote penetration of paste and help in removal of deposits and debris.
These also remove by emulsification.
  • ·         Sodium lauryl sulphate-most widely used
  • ·         Magnesium lauryl sulphate
  • ·         Sodium lauryl sarcosinate
  • ·         Sodium lauryl sulphosuccinate
  • ·         Sodium lauryl sulphoacetate

Humectants
In tooth pastes are used to prevent their drying out & impart some plasticity.
Glycerin, sorbitol and propylene glycol are widely used.
  • ·         Glycerin

o   Most widely used.
o   Impart glossy character to the product.
o   Impart sweetness.
  • ·         Sorbitol

o   it imparts more viscosity and plasticity.
o   Less sticky and prevents separation of water.
  • ·         Propylene glycol

o   Produced paste of softer consistency
o   It also has slightly bitter taste

Binding agents
Solid and liquid phases of tooth pastes tend to separate in absence of binding agents particularly during storage.
Binding agents swell or absorb water to form viscous liquid phases.
Include
  • ·         Natural gums (e.g. gum tragacanth, gum Arabic)
  • ·         Cellulose derivative (e.g. CMC, Na –CMC) 
  • ·         Starch ether
  • ·         Synthetic resins

o   Two resins used
o   Polyox (an ethylene oxide polymer)
o   Carbopol (a carboxy vinyl polymer) 
·         These resins have thickening and suspending agent

Sweetening material
Amongst the sweetening agents which have been commonly used in toothpaste include saccharin sodium, Sodium cyclamate and chloroform.
  • Sodium saccharine: Amount depends on the humectant used For example, if glycerin used as humectant a low concentration of saccharin sodium will be required.
  • Sodium cyclamate: Alternative to sodium saccharine but due to its toxicity it is banned in several countries.

Flavours
Most widely used favour is blending of peppermint oil and spearmint oil, or only peppermint oil. Some other are
  • ·         Clove oil, cinnamon oil and cassia oil.
  • ·         Menthol is also used.

Preservatives
To prevent microbial growth due to presence of gums and water.
High quality glycerin, flavouring agents or chloroform are use as preservative
Preservative normally preferred are-
  • ·         Methylparahydroxybenzoate. (0.15%) along with Propyl Paraben (0.02%).
  • ·         Sodium benzoate.

Miscellaneous or special ingredients
A. Colours
  • ·         Certified colours should be used.
  • ·         Pink, red, green, are some important colours used.

B. Bleaches                                        
  • ·         Used for removal of stains from the teeth and to impart whitening effect of the tooth pastes.
  • ·         Basically they are oxidizing agents.
  • ·         E.g. Sodium parborate, Stabilized hydrogen peroxide and Magnesium peroxide etc.

C. Lubricants
  • ·         Incorporated to facilitate the paste to come out or for filling purpose.

Therapeutic agents
  • ·         Pancreatin (about 2%):- for removal of tartar without any damage to tooth enamel.
  • ·         Chlorophyll (0.1 to 0.5 %) :– for deodorizing effect in Halitosis
  • ·         Sodium lauryl sarcosinate – Act as anti-enzyme, bacteriostatic, Anticariogenic activity. At low concentration (0.03 %) acts as hexokinase inhibitor.
  • ·         Alkalis and urea :– incorporated to neutralize acid in saliva & prevent decomposition of carbohydrates and formation of acid
  • ·         Strontium chloride :- incorporated for treatment of hyper sensitivity
  • ·         Tetrasodium pyrophosphate and Disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate.: Useful as tartar (calcium) reducing agents. M/A: related to their ability to inhibit crystal growth interrupt the transformation of calcium phosphate (found in foods and saliva) into dental calculus.

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